Reported Speech Quiz

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Expressions of Necessity (Ungkapan Keharusan)

Necessity: must, have to, have got to, need

The word "necessity" is a general term used for describing the main meaning of the modal verb MUST and its substitutes HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, NEED. The modal verb MUST expresses strong necessity to do something, with such shades of meaning as necessity, obligation, duty, responsibility, requirement. The phrase HAVE TO is the most common substitute for MUST in the meaning "necessity".

Modal verb MUST

The modal verb MUST in the meaning "strong necessity" forms only the present tense. The future is expressed by the present tense with the help of the context and adverbs or adverbial phrases indicating the future time, for example, "tomorrow, soon, next week, in an hour".

I must talk to him immediately.

She must obey the rules.

If he wants to go to England, he must obtain a visa first.

He must pay the bills today.

People must eat to live.

This patient must stay in bed for at least two weeks.

I must help him with his report.

You must see this film. It's very good.

MUST in the meaning "strong necessity" does not have the past form. The substitute phrase HAD TO (necessity) is typically used instead of MUST in the past tense, with a little change in meaning.

Natasha must go to the bank today. (strong necessity)

She has to go to the bank today. (necessity)

Victor had to go to the bank yesterday. (necessity, with the following meaning: It was necessary for him to go to the bank yesterday, and he went there.)

Modal verb MUST and its substitute HAVE TO

MUST is stronger, stricter, and more categorical than HAVE TO. MUST implies that the action expressed by the infinitive is absolutely necessary. HAVE TO in the meaning "necessity" is used in affirmative statements and questions in the present, past, and future. Negative questions with HAVE TO are also possible in this meaning.

The verb HAVE TO is used in both formal and informal English in speech and writing, and many native speakers use HAVE TO instead of MUST in many cases, especially in American English.

He must write a report. (strong necessity)

He has to write a report. (necessity)

He must finish his report tomorrow. (strong necessity)

He has to finish it tomorrow. (necessity)

He will have to finish his report tomorrow. (necessity)

He had to rewrite several pages of the report yesterday.

Does he have to write his report today? – Yes, he does.

Doesn't he have to finish his report today? – No, he doesn't.

Will he have to finish his report tomorrow? – Yes, he will.

Didn't he have to rewrite several pages yesterday? – Yes, he did.

In some cases the difference between MUST and HAVE TO is bigger than "strong necessity" versus "necessity". MUST shows that the speaker thinks that the action specified by the main verb is necessary to do, and it's the right thing to do (i.e., the speaker expresses personal opinion), while HAVE TO just states the fact that this action is necessary. Compare these sentences:

Children must go to school. (It's obligatory, and it's the right thing to do.)

Children have to go to school. (It's obligatory.)

I must help him. (It's necessary, and it's the right thing to do.)

I have to help him. (It's necessary.)

You must read this article. It is very interesting.

You have to read this article. We are going to discuss it in class.

Note: MUST and SHOULD

The modal verb SHOULD can be used instead of MUST if the speaker wants to sound less categorical.

You must do it today. (strong necessity, obligation)

You should do it today. (advice, recommendation)

You must tell the boss about it. (strong necessity, obligation)

You should tell the boss about it. (advice, recommendation)

Substitute phrase HAVE GOT TO

The substitute phrase HAVE GOT TO is used mostly in conversational English. HAVE GOT TO has only the present tense form and expresses necessity to do something in the present and future, mostly in affirmative statements, though negative questions are also possible. HAVE TO is often used instead of HAVE GOT TO in questions.

I've got to go.

I've got to see her immediately.

He's got to exercise more. He's putting on weight.

Haven't you got to finish your report today? – Yes, I have. No, I haven't. / Don't you have to finish your report today? – Yes, I do. No, I don't.

The phrase HAVE GOT TO does not have the past form, so HAD TO is typically used instead of it in the past.

The verb NEED

The verb NEED is frequently used with a noun object after it: I need help; we need bread and cheese; he needs money. With an infinitive, NEED expresses necessity to do something and can be used as a less categorical substitute for MUST.

I need to see you.

He needs to exercise more.

Do we need to buy bread and cheese? – Yes, we do. No, we don't.

Absence of necessity

Absence of necessity is usually expressed by HAVE TO in the negative.

I don't have to go to work today. It is Saturday.

She doesn't have to go to the store. The refrigerator is full of food.

You don't have to give me an answer now. Talk it over with your family first.

He doesn't have to go to the museum with us, but it might be interesting for him too. He didn't have to study yesterday, so he went to the movies with us.

He won't have to explain anything to us.

Absence of necessity can be expressed by NEED in the negative. The verb NEED in the negative is generally used as a main verb in the construction "don't need to". But sometimes NEED in the negative is used as a modal verb (i.e., needn't). The infinitive after the modal verb "needn't" is used without the particle "to". Compare these sentences:

I don't need to go to the store today.

We don't need to wash our car. It's not dirty.

She doesn't need to worry. Everything will be all right. (NEED as a main verb)

She needn't worry. Everything will be all right. (modal verb "needn't")

You don't need to shout. I can hear you well. (NEED as a main verb)

You needn't shout. I can hear you well. (modal verb "needn't")

Note: "Must not" does not have the meaning "absence of necessity". "Must not" and its contraction "mustn't" express strong necessity NOT to do something. This meaning of MUST in the negative is often called "prohibition".

Recommendations

Use MUST in the meaning "strong necessity" in the present and future. Replace MUST with HAD TO for "necessity" in the past. In a number of cases you can replace MUST with HAVE TO (necessity) or SHOULD (advice) if you want to sound less categorical. Use "don't have to; don't need to" if there is no necessity to do something. Video of Expressions of Necessity

AUDIO OF EXPRESSIONS OF NECCESITY

Reported Speech

REPORTED SPEECH 1
 

A.  Study this example situation:

You want to tell somebody else what Tom said.

There are two ways of doing this:

You can repeat Tom’s words (direct speech):

Tom said ‘I’m feeling ill.’

Or you can use reported speech:

Tom said that he was feeling ill.

B.  When we use reported speech, the main verb of the sentence is usually past (Tom said that…/I told her that…etc.). The rest of the sentence is usually past too:

● Tom said that he was feeling ill.

● I told her that I didn’t have any money.

      You can leave out that:

            ● Tom said (that) he was feeling ill.

            ● I told her (that) I didn’t have any money.

      In general, the present form in direct speech changes to the past form in reported speech:

      Am/is→ was

      Are → were

      do/does → did

      have/has → had

      will → would

      can → could

                Compare direct speech and reported speech:

You meet Judy. Here are some of the tips she said to you in direct speech: ‘My parents are very well.’ ‘I’m going to learn to drive.’ ‘John has given up his job.’ ‘I can’t come to the party on Friday.’ ‘I want to go away for a holiday but I don’t know where to go.’ ‘I’m going away for a few days. I’ll phone you when I get back.’

Later you tell somebody what Judy said. You use reported speech: ● Judy said that her parents were very well. ● She said that she was going to learn to drive. ● She said that John had given up his job. ● She said that she couldn’t come to the party on Friday. ● She said that she wanted to go away for a holiday but (she) didn’t know where to go. ● She said that she was going away for a few days and would phone me when she got back.

C.  The  past simple (did/saw/knew etc.) can usually stay the same in reported speech, or you can change it to the past perfect (had done / had seen / had known etc.):

direct            Tom said: ‘I woke up feeling ill, so I didn’t go to work.’

reported    Tom said (that) he woke up feeling il, so I didn’t go to work. or

            Tom said (that) he had woken up feeling ill, so he hadn’t gone to work.

EXERCISES

A. Yesterday you met a friend of yours, Charlie. Here are some of the things Charlie said to you:

1.       I’m living in London now.

2.       My father isn’t very well.

3.       Sharon and Paul are getting married next month.

4.       Margaret has had a baby.

5.       I don’t know what Fred is doing.

6.       I saw Helen at a party in June and she seemed fine.

7.       I haven’t seen Diane recently.

8.       I’m not enjoying my job very much.

9.       You can come and stay at my flat if you are ever in London.

10.   My car was stolen a few weeks ago.

11.   I want to go on holiday but I can’t afford it.

12.   I’ll tell Ann I saw you.

Later that day you tell another friend what Charlie said. Use reported speech.

1.  Charlie said that he was living in London now.

2.  He said that his father wasn't very well.

3.  He Sharon and Paul were getting married next month.

4.  He said that Margaret had had a baby.

5.  He said that he didn't know what Fred was doing.

6.  He said that he had seen Helen at a party in June and see had seen fine

7.  He said that he hadn't seen Diane recently.

8.  He said that he wasn't enjoying his job very much.

9.  He said that I could come and stay at his flat if I was ever in London.

10. He said that his car had been stolen a few weeks ago.

11.He said that he wanted to go on holiday but he couldn't afford it.

12.He said that he would tell Ann he had seen me.

Video of Reported Speech

REPORTED SPEECH 2

A.  It is not always necessary to change the verb when you use reported speech. If you report something and it is still true, you do not need to change the verb:

● direct          Tom said ‘New York is more lively than London.’

  Reported        Tom said that New York is more lively than London.

                              (New York is still more lively. The situation hasn’t changed.)

● direct           Ann said ‘I want to go to New York next year.

● reported         Ann said that she wants to go to New York next year.

                   (Ann still wants to go to New York next year.)

Note that it is also correct to change the verb into the past:

● Tom said that New York was more lively than London.

● Ann said that she wanted to go to New York Next Year.)

But you must use past form when there is a difference between what was said and what is really true. Study this example situation:

You met Sonia a few days ago. She said: ‘Jim is ill.’ (direct speech) Later that day you see Jim. He is looking well and carrying a tennis racket. You say: ‘I didn’t expect to see you, Jim. Sonia said you were ill.’ (not ‘Sonia said you are ill’, because clearly he is not ill.)

B.  Say and tell

If you say who you are talking to, use tell:

● Sonia told me that you were ill. (not’ Sonia said me’)

● What did you tell the police? (not ‘say the police’)

Otherwise use say:

● Sonia said that you were ill.(not ‘Sonia told that…’)

● What did you say?

But you can ‘say something to somebody’:

● Ann said goodbye to me and left.(not ‘Ann said me goodbye’)

● What did you say to the police?

C. Tell/ask somebody to do something

  We also use the infinitive(to do /to stay etc.)in reported speech, especially with tell and ask (for orders and requests):

● direct       ‘Stay in bed for a few days,’ the doctor said to me.

  reported     The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days.

● direct       ‘Don’t shout,’ I said to Jim.

  reported     I told Jim not to shout

● direct       ‘Please don’t tell anybody what happened,’ Ann said to me.

  reported     Ann asked me not to tell anybody what (had) happened.

‘…said to do something is also possible:

● The doctor said to stay in bed for a few days. (but not ‘The doctor said me…’)